Topic 2: Epidemiology And Communicable Diseases

Objectives:

1. Apply the principles of epidemiology to community health nursing.
2. Explain the value of demographic data in community health.
3. Apply the epidemiology triangle to a communicable disease occurring at a global level.
4. Evaluate the communicable disease chain model.
5. Discuss the impact of global health issues on public health systems.
6. Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease.

Assessments

Topic 2 DQ 1 (300 words, 3 references)
Assessment Description
What are social determinants of health? Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Give an example of the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.

Resources
Collapse All ResourcesCollapse All
Social Determinants of Health
Read “Social Determinants of Health,” from the Healthy People 2030 website.
https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health
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Communicable Disease Chain
Refer to the “Communicable Disease Chain” as needed to complete your assignment.
NRS-428VN-RS2-CommunicableDiseaseChain.doc
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World Health Organization
Explore the World Health Organization (WHO) website.
http://www.who.int/en/
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2017 National Notifiable Conditions (Historical)
Explore the 2017 National Notifiable Conditions (Historical) page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/notifiable/2017/
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Chain of Infection
Use the media piece “Chain of Infection” to assist you in completing your Topic 2 assignment.
http://lc.gcumedia.com/nsg403c/chain-of-infection/chain-of-infection-v1.1.html
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Community and Public Health: The Future of Health Care
Read Chapter 2 in Community and Public Health: The Future of Health Care.
https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/community-and-public-health_the-future-of-health-care_1e.php
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Explore the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) website.
https://www.hhs.gov/
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Explore the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.
https://www.cdc.gov/
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Families USA
Explore the Families USA website.

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Attachments
Epidemiology Paper – Rubric
Collapse All Epidemiology Paper – RubricCollapse All
Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic of Interest
12.5 points
Criteria Description
Comprehensive Description of a Communicable Disease and the Demographic of Interest
5. Excellent
12.5 points
An overview describing the demographic of interest and clinical description of the communicable disease is presented with a thorough, accurate, and clear overview of all of the clinical descriptors.
4. Good
11.5 points
A clinical description of the communicable disease and demographic of interest is provided. The summary is brief but accurate.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
Overview of the demographic of interest and clinical description of the communicable disease is presented with some inaccuracies of the clinical descriptors.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
Limited and/or vague summary of demographic of interest and communicable disease is provided. The overview does not offer a clear representation of information necessary for epidemiological study.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Demographics of interest and clinical descriptions are omitted or presented with many inaccuracies.
Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to Disease Development
12.5 points
Criteria Description
Determinants of Health and Explanation of How Determinants Contribute to Disease Development
5. Excellent
12.5 points
The Paper comprehensively discusses the determinants of health in relation to communicable disease, explains their contribution to disease development, and provides evidence to support main points.
4. Good
11.5 points
Paper describes each determinant of health with a comprehensive discussion of their contribution to disease development and progression.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
The Paper identifies the determinants of health in relation to the communicable disease selected but does not include an explanation of their role in the development of disease.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
The Paper partially describes the determinants of health in relation to disease development.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Description of the determinants of health and their role in disease development is omitted or presented with many inaccuracies.
Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental Factors
25 points
Criteria Description
Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors, and Environmental Factors
5. Excellent
25 points
The communicable disease is described thoroughly, accurately, and clearly within an epidemiological triangle. A visual description of the triangle and how the components of the model interact is included.
4. Good
23 points
The communicable disease is described accurately within the context of the epidemiologic triangle. A brief description of factors and interactions is presented.
3. Satisfactory
22 points
The communicable disease is described accurately and clearly within the context of the epidemiologic triangle.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
20 points
The communicable disease is described with some inaccuracies within the epidemiologic triangle. A visual description of the factors and interactions is not present.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Description of the epidemiologic triangle is omitted or presented with many inaccuracies.
Role of the Community Health Nurse and Importance of Demographic Data
25 points
Criteria Description
Role of the Community Health Nurse and Importance of Demographic Data
5. Excellent
25 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive of the community nurse’s responsibilities to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention through tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. A clear explanation of the importance of demographic data to community health is presented.
4. Good
23 points
Discussion of the role of community health nurse is clear, with a comprehensive description of skills associated with community assessment and planning. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is presented.
3. Satisfactory
22 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurses is limited, with a brief overview of skills associated with community assessment and planning. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is summarized.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
20 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is vague, with no integration of case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, or follow-up skills. An incomplete explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is provided.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is omitted or unclear. An explanation of why demographic data are necessary to community health is omitted or unclear.
National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable Disease
12.5 points
Criteria Description
National Agency or Organization That Works to Addresses Communicable Disease
5. Excellent
12.5 points
An agency or organization is identified. A clear and accurate description of efforts to address communicable diseases is offered.
4. Good
11.5 points
An agency or organization is identified, but discussion regarding efforts to address communicable diseases is brief.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
An agency or organization is identified, but discussion regarding efforts to address communicable diseases is lacking.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
An agency or organization is identified, but the discussion is vague or inaccurate in relation to the communicable disease chosen.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Agency and description of contribution are omitted.
Global Implication
12.5 points
Criteria Description
Global Implication
5. Excellent
12.5 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, comprehensive, and inclusive with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.
4. Good
11.5 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is clear, with a comprehensive description of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.
3. Satisfactory
11 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is limited, with some integration of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is provided.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
10 points
A discussion of the global implication of the disease is vague, with no integration of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a particular area. An example is not provided.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
The global implication of the disease is omitted or unclear.
Thesis, Position, or Purpose
6.25 points
Criteria Description
Communicates reason for writing and demonstrates awareness of audience.
5. Excellent
6.25 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is clearly communicated throughout and clearly directed to a specific audience.
4. Good
5.75 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is adequately presented. An awareness of the appropriate audience is demonstrated.
3. Satisfactory
5.5 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is discernable in most aspects but is occasionally weak or unclear. There is limited awareness of the appropriate audience.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
5 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is unfocused or confused. There is very little awareness of the intended audience.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is not discernible. No awareness of the appropriate audience is evident.
Development, Structure, and Conclusion
6.25 points
Criteria Description
Advances position or purpose throughout writing; conclusion aligns to and evolves from development.
5. Excellent
6.25 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is logically advanced throughout. The progression of ideas is coherent and unified. A clear and logical conclusion aligns with the development of the purpose.
4. Good
5.75 points
The thesis, position, or purpose is advanced in most aspects. Ideas clearly build on each other. Conclusion aligns with the development of the purpose.
3. Satisfactory
5.5 points
Limited advancement of thesis, position, or purpose is discernable. There are inconsistencies in the organization or the relationship of ideas. The conclusion is simplistic and not fully aligned to the development of the purpose.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
5 points
Writing lacks a logical progression of the thesis, position, or purpose. Some organization is attempted, but ideas are disconnected. Conclusion is unclear and not supported by the overall development of the purpose.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
No advancement of the thesis, position, or purpose is evident. Connections between paragraphs are missing or inappropriate. No conclusion is offered.
Evidence
6.25 points
Criteria Description
Selects and integrates evidence to support and advance position/purpose; considers other perspectives.
5. Excellent
6.25 points
Specific and appropriate evidence is included. Relevant perspectives of others are clearly considered.
4. Good
5.75 points
Relevant evidence that includes other perspectives is used.
3. Satisfactory
5.5 points
Evidence is used but is insufficient or of limited relevance. Simplistic explanation or integration of other perspectives is present.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
5 points
Evidence is limited or irrelevant. The interpretation of other perspectives is superficial or incorrect.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Evidence to support the thesis, position, or purpose is absent. The writing relies entirely on the perspective of the writer.
Mechanics of Writing
2.5 points
Criteria Description
Includes spelling, capitalization, punctuation, grammar, language use, sentence structure, etc.
5. Excellent
2.5 points
No mechanical errors are present. Appropriate language choice and sentence structure are used throughout.
4. Good
2.3 points
Few mechanical errors are present. Suitable language choice and sentence structure are used.
3. Satisfactory
2.2 points
Occasional mechanical errors are present. Language choice is generally appropriate. Varied sentence structure is attempted.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
2 points
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors are present. Inconsistencies in language choice or sentence structure are recurrent.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
Errors in grammar or syntax are pervasive and impede meaning. Incorrect language choice or sentence structure errors are found throughout.
Format/Documentation
3.75 points
Criteria Description
Uses appropriate style, such as APA, MLA, etc., for college, subject, and level; documents sources using citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., appropriate to assignment and discipline.
5. Excellent
3.75 points
No errors in formatting or documentation are present.
4. Good
3.45 points
Appropriate format and documentation are used with only minor errors.
3. Satisfactory
3.3 points
Appropriate format and documentation are used, although there are some obvious errors.
2. Less Than Satisfactory
3 points
An appropriate format is attempted, but some elements are missing. Frequent errors in the documentation of sources are evident.
1. Unsatisfactory
0 points
An appropriate format is not used. No documentation of sources is provided.

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Solution

Topic 2 DQ1

Social determinants of health are conditions that contribute to inequalities in healthcare. They refer to environmental, social, biological, and economic factors that affect one’s access to and utilization of healthcare services (Health.gov, 2021). Social determinants are varied. They include employment status, level of education, poverty, and living conditions. Social determinants of health contribute to the development of a disease (Burström & Tao, 2020). For example, people living in hygienic environments are minimally predisposed to health problems compared to those residing in congested places. Those living in congested environments are highly vulnerable to health problems such as tuberculosis.

Poverty also hinders the access of the population to healthcare services. As a result, the poor experience poorer health outcomes such as delayed treatment of chronic conditions including cancer and mental health problems (Burström & Tao, 2020). Factors such as level of education influences employment status and level of income. It also influences the population’s understanding of the health issues and health promotion interventions to minimize them. Therefore, low educational level predisposes the population to risky behaviors such as substance and drug abuse due to a lack of awareness about its risks.

The chain model is designed to provide insights into the mechanism of communicable diseases. It provides insights into the steps an infectious disease takes before entry to the host. One example of how the nurse can break the link within the communicable disease chain is hand washing. Hand washing can help the nurse prevent the spread of communicable diseases such as hepatitis A and giardiasis (Raghuram, 2020). Therefore, understanding the chain of infection is essential in facilitating the prevention of communicable diseases.

References

Burström, B., & Tao, W. (2020).Social determinants of health and inequalities in COVID-19.European Journal of Public Health, 30(4), 617–618. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa095

Health.gov. (2021). Social Determinants of Health—Healthy People 2030 | health.gov. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health

Raghuram, V. (2020).Chain of infection.I Wonder, 5.